11 August 1809 marks the Battle of Almonacid in the Peninsular War when Division General Horace Sébastiani’s 13,000 French, German, Polish

11 August 1809 marks the Battle of Almonacid in the Peninsular War when Division General Horace Sébastiani’s 13,000 French, German, Polish & Dutch infantry & 1,000 French, Polish & Dutch cavalry, later joined by King Joseph Bonaparte’s 4,800 French infantry & 600 cavalry, totaling 17,800 infantry, 1,600 cavalry & 40 guns, defeated General Francisco Venegas’ 20,000 Spanish infantry, 3,000 cavalry & 29 guns.

After Joseph’s defeat at Talavera, he sent Sébastiani against Venegas. Venegas threatened Madrid. On 5 August, Sébastiani tried to cross the Tagus River at Aranjuez. Venegas repelled him. Sébastiani then crossed at Toledo. Venegas predicted this & marched towards him. They met near Almonacid. Venegas was overconfident. He camped dangerously close to Sébastiani. He thought Sébastiani would await Joseph before attacking. He planned to spend 11 August resting his men. He’d attack next day.

Venegas deployed on a long, thin series of hills. Almonacid held his center. He massed his artillery & a small reserve there. Cavalry held both wings. Los Cerrojones Hill held his left. Sébastiani guessed Venegas’ strategy. He decided to attack at once. He would seize Los Cerrojones. He would then turn & roll up Venegas’ flank. He was heavily outnumbered. But the French often defeated larger Spanish armies. He was confident it would happen again.

He attacked at 05:00. After an artillery barrage, DG Valance’s Polish division (4., 7. & 9. Piechota) attacked Los Cerrojones. The Bailén (1,121 foot) & Jaen (985) Infantería held it. They repelled 2 attacks in vicious fighting. 7. Colonel Maciej Sobolewski & 9. Major Stanisław Łuba were both fatally wounded. Sobolewski’s last words were “Nothing, nothing! Next! Forward, children!” The Spanish took heavy losses.

DG Leval’s Dutch-German division (9 bns: Baden, Frankfurt, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau & Nederlands Infanterie) outflanked the hill. The Spanish withdrew. They redeployed to face both divisions. The hill fell. Leval moved to roll up Venegas’ left. Venegas sent the Granada Dragones (322 horse) & Fernando VII Granaderos a Caballo (527) to stop him. The Polish 1st Vistula Lancers routed them, then charged Venegas’ rear. Joseph arrived.

Sébastiani began a massive bombardment of Venegas’ center & right. Brigadier General Castejon’s division (4,282 foot: Cordoba, Bujalance, Guardias Españolas, Jerez, Loja, Malaga & Sevilla Infantería) defended here. He had only 1 horse battery. Casualties were huge. The French advanced. The Spanish fought fiercely, showing exceptional coolness under fire. But the weight of bombardment & French numbers slowly drove them back.

Venegas’ line was now ruptured. He fell back. He formed a new line. Castiollo Hill held his new left. Sébastiani ordered a 2nd massive bombardment. Under this storm, both Castillo & Almonacid fell. Venegas took terrible losses. Leval & Valence again began rolling up his left. He sent BG Vigodet’s division (4,667 foot: Alcazar de San Juan, Ciudad Real, Corona, Guadix, Ordenes Militares & Ronda Infantería; 609 horse: Granada & España Caballería) to stop them.

Vigodet fought valiantly. He stabilized the situation & stopped the envelopment. DG Milhaud’s division (ca. 2,000 horse: 5e, 12e, 16e, & 20-21e Dragons; Nederlands Huzaren) charged him. Vigodet resisted bravely, firing shrapnel at advancing columns. A Ronda Provincial grenadier squad charged with fixed bayonets. They briefly held Milhaud off. A munitions explosion frightened the horses, letting the French take other guns.

Vigodet’s heroic resistance let Venegas retreat in good order. Sébastiani ceased pursuit at Mora. He admitted 319 dead, 2,075 wounded. Historian David Gates claimed 2,400 dead/wounded. 9. Regimental historian Józef Kozłowski claimed 300 Poles dead. Venegas lost 800 dead, 2,500 wounded, 2,000 captive & 20-21 guns. He reached Manzanares in good order. He was relieved of his command. His men mostly dispersed due to rumors of French in Ciudad Real. Joseph returned to Madrid in triumph.

Illustration

“Polish soldiers from Napoleon’s Polish Legion, Vistula regiment.”

- Hippolyte Bellangé, 1843

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